Silicon metal is manufactured through carbothermal reduction in submerged arc furnaces, where high-purity quartz (SiO₂) reacts with carbon-based reductants like metallurgical coke at extremely high temperatures of around 1900–2000°C. This intense heat is essential to break the strong chemical bonds in silica and drive off oxygen as CO gas, yielding metallic silicon with ≥98% purity. Lower temperatures would fail to achieve efficient reduction or the required purity levels for downstream applications in aluminum alloys, silicones, solar polysilicon, and semiconductors-making energy-intensive electric arc furnaces (often located near cheap hydropower) a core requirement of the industry.
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