Silicon metal is produced mainly from two key raw materials:
Quartz (high-purity silica, SiO₂) - the primary silicon source, usually in the form of lump quartz or quartzite.
Carbon - supplied as metallurgical coke, charcoal, or coal, which acts as the reducing agent to remove oxygen from the quartz.
Minor additions may include wood chips (for better furnace gas flow) and sometimes small amounts of steel scrap or other fluxes, but the core reaction is: SiO₂ + 2C → Si + 2CO.
In short: Quartz + carbon (coke) in an electric arc furnace at ~1900–2000°C.
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